نگاه کودک به دنیا

Children are not capable of conservation during the preoperational stage because of three weaknesses in the way they think. He called these weaknesses centration, irreversibility, and egocentrism:

Example:

Suppose a researcher gives a three-year-old girl two full bottles of juice. The girl will agree that they both contain the same amount of juice. But if the researcher pours the contents of one bottle into a short, fat tumbler, the girl will then say that the bottle has more. She doesn’t realize that the same volume of juice is conserved in the tumbler.

• Centration is the tendency to focus on one aspect of a problem and ignore other key aspects. In the example above, the three-year-old looks only at the higher juice level in the bottle and ignores the fact that the bottle is narrower than the tumbler. Because of centration, children in the preoperational stage cannot carry out hierarchical classification, which means they can’t classify things according to more than one level.
• Irreversibility is the inability to mentally reverse an operation. In the example, the three-year-old can’t imagine pouring the juice from the tumbler back into the bottle. If she poured the juice back, she’d understand that the tumbler holds the same amount of liquid as the bottle.
• Egocentrism is the inability to take someone else’s point of view. Animism, or the belief that even inanimate objects are living, results from egocentrism. Children assume that since they are alive, all other things must be too.

سیستم ادراک و پردازش اطلاعات بچه ها در سنین قبل از مدرسه - علی رغم پیچیدگیها و قابلیت های بسیار زیاد و شگفت آور چهار محدودیت اساسی دارد:

1) ناتوانی در نگاه به دنیا از دیدگاه دیگران (egocentrsim)

2)اعتقاد به وجود هویت انسانی برای همه چیز (animism)

3) تمایل به تمرکز روی فقط یک جنبه از مساله (centration)

4) ناتوانی در تصور و تجسم ذهنی معکوس های اعمال (irreversibilty)

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